Primatology.net

Els Hostalets de Pierola, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain

By way of Afarensis is news of a new Middle Miocene hominoid species found from the Abocador de Can Mata site in Spain. It is classified as a great ape with many afropithecid and several kenyapithecine features which I’ll give an overview of in a bit. Furthermore, the specimen, IPS43000, is 11.9 million years old, dated via magnetostratigraphic series and associated fauna from the strata it was recovered in.

The authors have published the paper in the journal PNAS under the title, “A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade.”

What’s unique about this hominoid, aptly named Lluc or enlightenment in Latin, is that it has a very modern face… In other words it’s got a reduced facial prognathism. The specimen includes a fragmented cranium that with most of the face preserved and the associated mandible. While the muzzle of Lluc is so reduced that only find comparable values within the genus Homo, Lluc’s got an array of primitive features, such as super thick dental enamel and teeth with bulbar cusps. The mandible is also very robust. All of which are characteristics of afropithecids — primitive hominoids from the African Middle Miocene.

Anoiapithecus brevirostris (IPS43000)

But other more derived features, like the forward positioning of the zygomatic bone and a bold mandibular torus along with a a reduction in the maxillary sinus, are shared only with the kenyapithecines. Kenyapithecines are a group of apes that ever dispersed outside the African continent and colonized the Mediterranean region, by about 15 million years ago, and are collectively grouped in the genera Kenyapithecus and Griphopithecus.

Ultimately, you can see how this specimen (IPS43000), Anoiapithecus brevirostris, has a combined a set of features that until now had never been found from the fossil record. The array of features allows us enables to identify two possibilities to be the ancestral form to our family (Kenyapithecus and Griphopithecus). The authors take a leap of faith here arguing that when one takes into account that these two genera cannot be considered members of the family Hominidae yet, because they lack its basic diagnostic features, they find it obvious that the origin of our family is a phenomenon that took place on the Mediterranean region during the time span comprised between their arrival from Africa by about 15 Ma, and about 13 Ma, when we began to find in els Hostalets the first members of our family.

Moya-Sola, S., Alba, D., Almecija, S., Casanovas-Vilar, I., Kohler, M., De Esteban-Trivigno, S., Robles, J., Galindo, J., & Fortuny, J. (2009). A unique Middle Miocene European hominoid and the origins of the great ape and human clade Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0811730106

Plasmodium falciparum infecting Red Blood Cells

Plasmodium falciparum is the protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans and ultimately the death of 2-3 million people a year. If you didn’t know, malaria is one of the most common infectious diseases and an enormous public health problem. Only one other malaria causing protozoan, a sister species of the P. falciparum parasite, P. reichenowi, was known to cause malaria but infects only chimpanzees. That was until researchers based in Gabon and France began sampling pet chimpanzees.

The team collected blood from 19 wild-borne animals kept as pets by villagers in Gabon, 17 of them being chimps. They found out that infected by a Plasmodium parasite, but sequencing of the parasite’s whole mitochondrial genome showed that it wasn’t P. falciparum nor P. reichenowi. Rather, it was a new species more closely related to P. falciparum. They classified the new species as P. gaboni.

Phylogenetic relationships among Plasmodium species (including P. sp_K) and associated host groups.

They have published their findings in the open access journal PLoS Genetics, under the title, “A New Malaria Agent in African Hominids.” You maybe asking why this is relevant to primatology? Many are against studies that use primates like chimpanzees because of ethical reasons. In situations like this, chimpanzees already infected with the parasite are useful to sample and study to shed light on the genomic adaptations of P. falciparum to humans and thus help in the discovery of new potential drug targets.

Ollomo, B., Durand, P., Prugnolle, F., Douzery, E., Arnathau, C., Nkoghe, D., Leroy, E., & Renaud, F. (2009). A New Malaria Agent in African Hominids PLoS Pathogens, 5 (5) DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000446

In 1838 Charles Darwin jotted in a notebook, “He who understands baboon would do more towards metaphysics than Locke.” Baboon Metaphysics is Dorothy L. Cheney and Robert M. Seyfarth’s fascinating response to Darwin’s challenge.

Cheney and Seyfarth set up camp in Botswana’s Okavango Delta, where they could intimately observe baboons and their social world. But Baboon Metaphysics is concerned with much more than just baboons’ social organisation- Cheney and Seyfarth aim to fully comprehend the intelligence that underlies it. Using innovative field work, the authors learn that for baboons, just as for humans, family and friends hold the key to mitigating the ill effects of grief, stress, and anxiety.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are 1 base pair differences in the genetic code when compared to same sequence from another individual. Many population geneticists who study human genetics compare and contrast SNPs between different populations to understand ancestry and genaology. A new database of non-human primate SNPs, MonkeySNP, has been recently released, and was announced in the journal Bioinformatics.

I don’t regularly announce such news, but I consider this a pretty significant tool for any researchers who are studying primate diversity. As you may know many primate species are severely endangered and any successful conservation effort requires an understanding of the genetic diversity of the surviving population. This database will help currate this genetic diversity.

But the database is rather limited right now. Only 827 SNPs are listed, and are only macaque SNPs. I’m hopeful that as the genes and genomes of more primates species and individuals are sequenced this database will grow. In the mean time, I suggest you bookmark this site and keep an eye on it.

S. Khouangsathiene, C. Pearson, S. Street, B. Ferguson, C. Dubay (2008). MonkeySNP: a web portal for non-human primate single nucleotide polymorphisms Bioinformatics, 24 (22), 2645-2646 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn493

San Diego Zoo welcomed the birth of a new baby gorilla last month. I just found the photos on ZooBorn, a blog that you maybe interested in if you’re into newborn animals. The details of the birth are documented on the ZooBorn post, so jump on over there to read up. Otherwise, enjoy these photos and have a good weekend!

I spent a couple years studying non-verbal communication in gorillas, so to read news that there’s some breakthroughs in our understandings handedness and communication in apes made me extremely excited. The news originates from Gillian Sebestyen-Forrester‘s latest paper in the journal Animal Behaviour, “A multidimensional approach to investigations of behaviour: revealing structure in animal communication signals.”

Sebestyen-Forrester observed that a right-handed bias for actions that also involved head and mouth movements among gorillas. As you may know, the right side of the body is controlled by the left hemisphere of the brain, which is also the location for language development. Sebestyen-Forrester’s hypothesis is that this handedness bias offers major clues as to how language developed in humans. Gorillas deploy a wide range of non-verbal communicative behaviors, such as facial expression, eye gazes and manual gestures, and tactile signals (like grooming and huddling which are used for social cohesion). In my own experiences, I quickly came to learn what a lip-smack, pursed lip, chestslap, purr, etc. meant.

Gorilla Social Play

But I digress, Sebestyen-Forrester tested her hypothesis by recording the behaviors of a female gorilla mother and her infant, along with their social network at the Port Lympne Wild Animal Park in Kent, United Kingdom. She coded the results and noted that behaviors that involved head and mouth movements correlated with right handedness.

This multidimensional method evaluates all synchronous physical actions of the body in a reciprocal manner. And her analysis did reveal a coordinated physical action, thus demonstrating differences in lateral motor activity. She understands this observation to be ethologically valid to extend that animals with the closest genetic link to humans would express communication skills with some similarities to human.

G FORRESTER (2008). A multidimensional approach to investigations of behaviour: revealing structure in animal communication signals Animal Behaviour DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.05.026

Also in the latest Current Biology and first shared by John Hawks is news that may shakeup what you understood was unique to bonobo behavior, that they didn’t hunt other primates. We know that some bonobos eat rodents and small antelopes, albeit infrequently, but for quite sometime we assumed they didn’t consume other primates because they seemed to be placid maternally structured social beings.

The title of the new paper spills all the beans, “Primate hunting by bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park.” As I just mentioned, bonobos have been popularized by many to be a peace loving species, particularly because of the lack of male dominated social system and far less documented occurrences of physical violence. Such observations have often been used to explain the relative absence of hunting and meat eating in bonobos. In the words of New Yorker writer Ian Parker, bonobos are [were],

“equal parts dolphin, Dalai Lama, and Warren Beatty,”

But earlier this year we got a glimpse into the more devious carnivorous behavior of bonobos, when one of the co-authors of the current paper, Gottfried Hohmann, and another research published in Folia Primatologica, “New Records on Prey Capture and Meat Eating by Bonobos at Lui Kotale, Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo,” their observations of the presence of monkey finger bones in bonobo fecal samples. In the new Current Biology paper Hohmann and Martin Surbeck publish their observations of bonobos hunting diurnal, arboreal and group living primates at LuiKotale in the Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo.

The following table from the paper summarizes their observations:

Table 1: Bonobo Monkey Hunts at LuiKotale

The results show us that there were 5 attempts, and 2 of the 3 successful hunts were made by females. Among chimpanzees, females have been rarely been seen taking an active part in hunting parties. But these two female bonobos rocketed up into the trees and attacked their monkey prey just as effectively as the males. I share Frans de Waal‘s opinion that this study is a milestone piece and changes our very foundation of bonobo social organization and socio-ecology.

But hunting may not be a ubiquitous behavior among all bonobos. As Hawks points out,

“at other field sites the bonobos interact in different ways with monkey species, ranging to mutual grooming.”

In fact, bonobos have been observed playing with baby black-and-white colobus monkeys and been seen engaging in grooming behavior with red colobus monkeys, much like adult chimpanzees hunting baboon babies that their offspring were playing with just days earlier. Bipolar anyone?

Surbeck M, Hohmann G. 2008. Primate hunting by bonobos at LuiKotale, Salonga National Park. Current Biology 18, R906-R907. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.040

From John Hawks comes distressing news of a 90% decline in headcount of chimpanzees from Côte d’Ivoire, published in the latest issue of Current Biology. The paper, “Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d’Ivoire,” is authored by some familiar names. One that I quickly recognized is Christophe Boesche, who captured videos of chimpanzee nut cracking behavior.

West African Chimpanzees

The team conducted a survey of the chimpanzees and found only 800 to 1,200 individuals, which is a significant drop from the down 8,000 to 12,000 individuals counted in 1989-90. The drop in chimpanzees correlates Côte d’Ivoire’s 50% growth human population sizes. With the increased human footprint comes more hunting and deforestation, driving chimpanzee populations down.

In 8 of the 11 survey sites, researchers found significantly fewer chimp nests than had been found in 1989-90. In Marahoué National Park, study co-author Campbell found only one nest, versus 234 in 1989-90.  The only site that did not experience a decline in population is the Taï National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage site that has benefited from intensive research and conservation efforts. The Taï numbers suggest that the apes’ numbers respond to stable conservation efforts.

Our collective knowledge of west African chimps is far less than the east African chimp populations. With recent findings, like the 4,300 years of continuous nut cracking behavior among these populations, we’ve only begun to understand the depth of their behaviors and abilities.

Campbell G, Kuehl H, Kouamé PN, Boesch C. 2008. Alarming decline of West African chimpanzees in Côte d’Ivoire. Current Biology 18, R903-R904. DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.015

I have had the pleasure of working with Tierra Wilson for a couple years at the Gorilla Foundation. Since then, she’s moved off to veterinary school and I to graduate school. We’ve kept in touch and I was elated to hear that she’s going to Rwanda earlier this summer to study the mountain gorillas there. I didn’t know exactly what she’s up to until I came across Lucy Spelman’s blog post in Discover’s Quest: Gorillas in Peril.

The post, “Tierra’s Summer Project: Gorilla Saliva,” documents Tierra research project from inception to finish. She rounded up her own funding to travel and stay in Rwanda where she created a research project to detect infectious pathogens like herpes and influenza in the gorilla populations. As you may have read on this blog, infectious agents, especially pathogens from ‘human caused origins’ have caused a massive number of great ape deaths — especially in gorillas. Therefore, for any successful conservation effort, it is vital to be screening gorilla populations for any signs of infection. Current methods involve sampling fecal matter but previous research has shown that biomarkers for infection can be detected from saliva. After unsuccessful trials of sampling saliva from anesthetized gorillas, Tierra modified her approach using a method inspired from a publication on saliva collection in chimpanzees.

She designed a ‘a mesh bag with a juice-soaked rope,’ which the gorillas would chew to extract the juice from. The device actually sounds a lot like the enrichment activities she and the other gorilla caregivers like I did at the Gorilla Foundation. And it worked really well, she was able to detect alpha-amylase, an enzyme that is used as a biomarker for stress, i.e. a response to inflammation and infection.

Tierra Wilson Collecting Saliva From Mountain Gorillas in Rwanda, 2008. Picture: Dr. Lucy Spelman/MGVP

She extended her methods to wild populations, where she and the team, sampled several populations. When the Hirwa and Group 13 gorilla groups came down with respiratory disease, she also collected samples from them.

Her research project has since ended in Rwanda, for now, and the samples are currently being shipped back for more in depth analyses on various viruses, microbes, cortisol levels and gorilla DNA. I’m very proud to hear about her work she has done — especially on other primatology blog’s like Lucy Spelman’s. I’m even proud to say I know, “Hey, I know her and worked with her!”

I have some bittersweet news to share with you. If you’re a regular reader of this site, you may know that gorilla populations have been reported as severely endangered. Most of the problems stem from deforestation and poverty. People chop down trees in Africa and ultimately ruin the ecosystems that support these great apes for money. The bush meat industry, regional violence, and infectious pathogens are also a major influence on the dwindling gorilla populations.

Well, some good news for gorilla conservation came out this week from the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), researches shared census reports at the International Primatological Society Congress in Edinburgh, Scotland. Thanks to Paul Wren for sending me the news. The census data includes a large secluded population (approximately 125,00) of gorillas have resided in two adjacent areas in the northern part of the Republic of Congo, covering an area of 18,000 square

Gorilla Baby & Mom

miles (47,000 square kilometers). So why did such a large number of gorillas go uncounted for?

“WCS says a combination of factors account for such high numbers of gorillas, including successful long-term management of the Republic of Congo’s protected areas; remoteness and inaccessibility of some of the key locations where the gorillas were found; and a habitat where there is plenty to eat, particularly in some of the swamp forests and the “Marantaceae” forests, which are rich in herbs.”

But, this population is only Western lowland gorillas, which are one of four recognized gorilla subspecies. Regardless of this new populations, all subspecies are still considered endangered. Which leads me to this other news piece, where the title basically says it all, “Nearly half of all the world’s primates at risk of extinction.”

The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has put out another census report, similar to the WCS, which reports that primate conservation efforts are being drowned out by the bush meat and logging industry. You may remember last year’s census report, where the ‘red list’ was dominated by primate species in the three highest threat categories. In this year’s report, 303 of the 634 primate species are endangered. In other words, 9% more primates species are threatened compared to last year.

Despite the good news of this large population of gorillas in the Republic of Congo, primate conservation is still very much necessary. I’ve been reading some ignoramus comments posted on this blog by people in support of bush meat trade and illegal logging to help impoverished Africans… but these are not sustainable options for Africans. To add to that, when primates species go extinct, and they will so long as advocates support bush meat trade and deforestation, there will be an ecological collapse — what will Africans do for food, money, etc. then? I propose alternatives, which many are already doing, train impoverished Africans to protect and preserve their natural resources. Not only will jobs be created, but conservation efforts will be more successful.